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Biological control is recorded around 300 AD in China, when colonies of weaver ants, Oecophylla smaragdina, were intentionally put in citrus plantations to control beetles and caterpillars.5 Additionally in China, ducks were utilized in paddy fields to consume insects, as illustrated in ancient cave art. In 1762, an Indian mynah was brought to Mauritius to control locusts, and roughly precisely the exact same period, citrus trees in Burma were connected with bamboos to allow ants to maneuver between them and help control caterpillars.
Biological pest control is a way of controlling pests like insects and fleas by using other organisms.8 It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory or other natural mechanisms, but normally also involves an active human management role. Classical biological control involves the introduction of natural enemies of the insect that are bred in the laboratory and released into the environment.
The released organism will breed and survive, and supply long-term control.9 Biological control can be an important component of an integrated pest management programme. .
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For example: mosquitoes are often controlled by putting Bt Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Israelensis, a bacterium which infects and kills mosquito larvae, in local water sources.10
Mechanical pest control is the use of hands-on techniques in addition to simple equipment and apparatus, that offers a protective barrier between plants and insects. This is known as tillage and is one of the oldest methods of weed control as well as being used for pest control; wireworms, the larvae of the common click beetle, are very destructive pests of newly ploughed grassland, and perennial cultivation exposes them to the birds and other predators which feed on them.11.
Crop rotation can help to control insects by depriving them of the host plants. It's a major tactic in the control of corn rootworm, and has decreased early season incidence of Colorado potato beetle by up to 95%.12
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A trap crop is a crop of a plant which attracts pests, diverting them from nearby crops.13 Pests aggregated on the trap crop can be more easily controlled using pesticides or alternative methods.14 But trap-cropping, on its own, has often neglected to cost effectively reduce pest densities on large industrial scales, without using pesticides, possibly due to the pests' ability to spread back into the main field.14.
Pesticides are applied to crops by agricultural aircraft, tractor-mounted crop sprayers or as seed dressings to control pests. But successful control by pesticides is not easy; the ideal formulation must be chosen, the timing is often critical, the method of application is important, sufficient coverage and retention on the crop are necessary.
This is particularly important in countries where there are natural reservoirs of insects and their enemies in the countryside surrounding plantation crops, and such co-exist in a delicate balance. Often in less-developed countries, the crops are well adapted to the local situation and no pesticides are needed. Where progressive farmers are using fertilisers to grow enhanced crop varieties, these are often more vulnerable to pest damage, but the indiscriminate i loved this application of pesticides might be detrimental in the longer term.15.
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The effectiveness of chemical pesticides tends to diminish over time. This is because any organism which manages to endure the initial application will pass on its genes to its offspring and a resistant strain is going to be developed. In this manner, a number of the most serious pests have developed resistance and are no longer killed by pesticides which used to kill their ancestors.
